To prove that the excited states were nonabelions, the team performed a series of tests.
These correspond to the appearance of particles that should have the properties of nonabelions. But with further manipulation, the kagome can be put in excited states. The entangled states represented the lowest-energy states of a virtual 2D universe - essentially, the states that contain no particles at all. And by engineering those interactions, they created a virtual lattice of entanglement with the structure of a kagome - a pattern used in Japanese basket-weaving that resembles the repeated overlapping of six-pointed stars - folded to form a doughnut shape. The physicists exploited this flexibility to create an unusually complex form of quantum entanglement, in which all 32 ions share the same quantum state. Quantum computer race intensifies as alternative technology gains steam Quantinuum’s approach has an advantage: compared with most other types of qubit, the ions in its trap can be moved around and brought to interact with each other, which is how quantum computers perform computations. Each ion can encode a qubit, a unit of quantum computation that can be ‘0’ or ‘1’ like ordinary bits, but also a superposition of both states simultaneously. In the experiment, Henrik Dreyer, a physicist at Quantinuum’s office in Munich, Germany, and his collaborators used the company’s most advanced machine, called H2, which has a chip that can produce electric fields to trap 32 ions of the element ytterbium above its surface. “There is enormous mathematical beauty in this type of physical system, and it’s incredible to see them realized for the first time, after a long time,” says Steven Simon, a theoretical physicist at the University of Oxford, UK. Other researchers are less optimistic about the virtual nonabelions’ potential to revolutionize quantum computing, but creating them is seen as an achievement in itself. “This is the credible path to fault-tolerant quantum computing,” says Tony Uttley, Quantinuum’s president and chief operating officer. The results, revealed in a preprint on 9 May 1, were obtained on a machine at Quantinuum, a quantum-computing company in Broomfield, Colorado, that formed as the result of a merger between the quantum computing unit of Honeywell and a start-up firm based in Cambridge, UK. But their linking properties could help to make quantum computers less error-prone, or more ‘fault-tolerant’ - a key step to making them outperform even the best conventional computers. The exotic particles are called non-Abelian anyons, or nonabelions for short, and their Borromean rings exist only as information inside the quantum computer. Welcome anyons! Physicists find best evidence yet for long-sought 2D structures Researchers have used a quantum computer to create virtual particles and move them around so that their paths formed a Borromean-ring pattern.
That same three-way linkage is an unmistakable signature of one of the most coveted phenomena in quantum physics - and it has now been observed for the first time. The coat of arms of Italy’s aristocratic House of Borromeo contains an unsettling symbol: an arrangement of three interlocking rings that cannot be pulled apart but doesn’t contain any linked pairs. If any one of the three rings is removed, the other two are no longer joined. The review does not focus on a particular technology but discusses topics that will be relevant for various quantum technologies.Borromean rings depicted in a church in Florence, Italy. The complexity of decoding and the notion of passive or self-correcting quantum memories are discussed.
QUANTUM ERROR CORRECTION CODE
The second part of the review is focused on providing an overview of quantum error correction using two-dimensional (topological) codes, in particular, the surface code architecture. The theory of fault tolerance and quantum error correction is reviewed, and examples of various codes and code constructions, the general quantum error-correction conditions, the noise threshold, the special role played by Clifford gates, and the route toward fault-tolerant universal quantum computation are discussed.
In this review the formalism of qubit stabilizer and subsystem stabilizer codes and their possible use in protecting quantum information in a quantum memory are considered. Active quantum error correction using qubit stabilizer codes has emerged as a promising, but experimentally challenging, engineering program for building a universal quantum computer.
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